Contoh-contoh Explanations Text

How Earthquakes Happen

Earthquake is one of the most destroying natural disasters. Unluckily it often happens in several regions. Recently a horrible earthquake has shaken West Sumatra. It has brought great damages. Why did it occur? Do you know how an earthquake happens?

Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves. It make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a little. They don't just slide smoothly. The rocks are still pushing against each other, but not moving. After a while, the rocks break because of all the pressure that's built up. When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs.

During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start moving, and they continue to move until they get stuck again. The spot underground where the rock breaks is called the focus of the earthquake. The place right above the focus is called the epicenter of the earthquake.

How a cell phone works

A cell phone is a great gadget in this modern world. What is a cell phone? A cell phone is actually a radio in certain way. Like a radio, by a cell phone we can communicate to other people in real time. Million people use cell phone for their communication. Even nowadays, people use cell phones to communicate in voice, written and data. Alexander Graham Bell is the person who make great change in the way people communicate to each other. He invented a telephone in 1876. While wireless radio was formally known in 18994 presented by Guglielmo Marconi. By these two technologies, then a cell phone was born. However do you know how actually cell phones work?

This short explanation on how a cell phone work is really wonderful. A cell phone or in long term "cellular telephone' works by transmitting signals of radio to towers of cellular. The towers are networked to a central switching station. The connection usually uses wire, fiber optic-cables, or microwave.

Then the central switching station which handles calls in certain given area is directed connected to the wire-based telephone system. Cellulars are pick up by the towers and relayed to another cellular telephone user or the user of wire-based telephone network.

The towers vary in the capacity and capability to receive signals. Some can receive the signal from short distance and the others can receive more distance. However, there are usually more than one tower in certain given area so that the system can handle the increasing telephone traffic.

Tsunami

The term of “tsunami” comes from the Japanese which means harbour ("tsu") and wave ("nami"). A tsunami is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or a sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale.

A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the earth's crust can occur at plate boundaries.

Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunami, and occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates.

As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.

Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into the coastal area.

How do seasons happen?

Seasons come to us regularly. We have probably noticed that it gets warmer in summer or dry season while it get colder in the winter or wet season. However do we know how these seasons change?

Seasons happen and change every year. This happens because the earth tilts back and forth as it goes around the sun. During the summer, the earth tilts toward the sun. It makes half of the earth hotter. this condition is what we call summer. During the other half of the year, the earth tilts away from the sun. As a result, it makes that half of the earth cooler. This cool condition is then what we call winter.

The different parts of the world have the same season at different times. In the northern half of the world , winter happens during the months of December, January and February. The regions are such North America and Europe. In the other hand, the southern half of the world have winter during the months of June, July and August.The regions are like South America and Australia. How does this difference happen? The same season happens at different times because the top and bottom halves of the earth tilt away from the sun at different times.

Photosynthesis

What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is a food-making process that occurs in green plants. It is the chief function of leaves. The word photosynthesis means putting together with light. Green plants use energy from light to combine carbon dioxide and water to make sugar and other chemical compounds.

How is the light used in photosynthesis?

The light used in photosynthesis is absorbed by a green pigment called chlorophyll. Each food-making cell in a plant leaf contains chlorophyll in small bodies called chloroplasts. In chloroplast, light energy causes water drawn form the soil to split into hydrogen and oxygen.

What are the steps of photosynthesis process? Let me tell you the process of photosynthesis, in a series of complicated steps, the hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide from the air, forming a simple sugar. Oxygen from the water molecules is given off in the process. From sugar together with nitrogen, sulphur, and phosporus from the soil-green plants can make starch, fat, protein, vitamins, and other complex compounds essential for life. Photosynthesis provides the chemical energy that is needed to produced these compounds.

 

 

How does Rain Happen?

Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world, providing suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation.

The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of the water cycle involves the sun heating the Earth's surface water and causing the surface water to evaporate. The water vapor rises into the Earth's atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets grow until they are heavy and fall to the earth as precipitation which can be in the form of rain or snow.

However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is called virga, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.

 

Example of Report Text, Hortatory, and Spoof

A. Report Text

Chickens

            Chickens are one kind of aves.

            They are vertebrate animals. They belong to aves class. Chickens breath with pulmo. They have two wings but can’t fly. Some species can use for pets contest.

            There are many kind of chickens, like : serama, bangkok, broiller ,etc. They have many different structure of body. Some chickens eat corn, rice, warm, etc. So, they are omnivora.

            Reproduction of chickens with egg.  Time of hatch chickens is 21 days. After crack, baby chicken not some with mother. In growing up, chickens have procces metarmophosa.

            In daily life, chickens are material foods. That tight food, example : opor ayam, fried chicken, sate ayam, etc.

B. Hortatory

Ceremony

            Ceremony is an activity that we must do on every Monday or on the national days. Why we must do ceremony?

            Firstly, ceremony can make student understand of the important of heroist. Because the rubber heroes ago already fought from colonizer. Without they, we can’t feel situation like now. That for, we must for fill it, and one example is we do ceremony.

            Secondly, ceremony can make dicipline in ourselves. In the ceremonym we must be abided by head ceremony. And in yhe ceremony, there are rules about form line. Slowly, we used for comport oneselft dicipline.

            For all, we think ceremony is very inportant. They can make ourselfs more better. For it, we recommended to do ceremony every when.

C. Spoof Text

Writing Short Story

            One afternoon after school, Edgar suddenly called me, “Brother... Brother...”. And then I said, “Yeah.,,, What?”. “Because of you, now Anggi so like to write short story”Said Edgar. “Is that true?” Asked me. “Yes, Brother”. Answer Edgar. “If so, deliver me to Anggi”. “OK, lets go.”. And then I walked into the Anggi’s bedroom with Edgar. We past teh stair  leading into Anggi’s bedroom. Arriving in front of Anggi’s bedroom, I knocked on her door, but no response. I tryng to tap anymore but still. Finally, I decided to open the door. After I open, all the dark. There are only light that are on the learn table. And there look Anggi. Then, I went Anggi and I said, “Anggi. Edgar said that you now like writing?”. “Yes, I wrote short story. Really scary short story”. Answered Anggi. “If so, I want to read your short story”. “Well, this short story”. Then I read the Anggis’s story. Her short story was like this

Ghost School

                Ago, at school there was a kid inside the shed and then dead. A few years later, the shed was dismantled and used as a bathroom. Kringggg... kringggg... The sound of the breaktime ball rang. “Clara, you know that this school is haunted loohhh?’ Said Yuli. “No. Was a lie” Replied Clara. “Up to you” said Yuli. Then 3rd graded hated 2nd graded. END

Then Anggi asked me “Scare or not, Brother?”. I answer,”I scary having a sister like you.”

Contoh-contoh Spoof Text

The Boss and The Trainee

A Man joined a big Multi National Company as a trainee. On his first day he dialed the pantry and shouted into the phone, "Get me a coffee quickly!"
The voice from the other side responded, "You fool you've dialed the wrong extension! Do you know who you're talking to, dumbo?"
No", replied the trainee.
"It's the Managing Director of the company, you fool!" The man shouted back, "And do you know who YOU are talking to, you fool?"
"No", replied the Managing Director. "Thats Good!", replied the trainee and put down the phone!


Goat Jumping Into Deep Hole
 
Two men were walking through the woods and come across a very big deep hole. "Wow...that looks deep." One replied,"Sure does... toss a few pebbles in there and we will see how deep this hole is." Then they pick up a few pebbles and throw them in and wait... no noise "Geeez. That is really deep... here.. throw one of these great big rocks down there. Those should make a noise." After that, they pick up a couple football-sized rocks and toss them into the hole and wait... and wait. but no noise they heard.

Wow.. They were really impressed with how deep hole it was. They look at each other in amazement. One gets a determined look on his face and says, "Hey...over here in the weeds, there's a railroad tie. Help me carry it over here. When we toss that sucker in this hole, it's must make some noise."

The two men drag the heavy tie over to the hole and heave it in. But, not a sound comes from the hole. Suddenly, out of the nearby woods, a goat appears, running like the wind. It rushes toward the two men, then right past them, running as fast as its legs will carry it. Suddenly it leaps in the air and into the hole. The goat disappeared into the deep hole.

The two men are astonished with what they've just seen. How could a goat jump into the hole? Then, not long after that, out of the woods comes a farmer. He seemed to seek something and asked to the two men, "Hey two guys... have you seen my goat out here?"

Feeling amazing with what they saw of a goat jumping to the hole, they answer straightly,"You bet we did! Craziest thing I've ever seen! A goat came running like crazy and just jumped into this hole!"

The farmer thought a moment and said, "That could not have been my goat. Because my goat was chained to a railroad tie." Then he left the two men.

Horseman in The Sky

Carter Druse was born in Virginia. He was a southerner. When the United States was divided by a terrible civil war, Carter decided to join the Union Army of the north.

He told his father about his decision to join the north army. His father looked deep into his son's eyes. "Carter, No matter what happens, be sure you always do what you think is your duty."


One sunny afternoon, Carter was sent to guard. It was his duty to be sure that no enemy soldier spied on. Suddenly, he saw a man on horseback standing on the huge rocky cliff. He held a gun in his right hand, and the horse's reins in the other. Unavoidably, Carter pointed his gun. Carter was calm as he pulled the trigger.

Soon after firing his gun, Carter was joined by a Union sergeant.
"Did you fire?" The sergeant whispered.
"Yes."
"At what?" The sergeant continued.
"A horse"
"Was there anyone on the horse?" The sergeant asked again.
"Yes."
"Who? " The sergeant kept asking.
"My father."
 

Contoh-contoh Procedure Text

1. How to cook rice

You will need two cups of water, a cup of rice, salt and a pan with a lid. First, wash the rice in cold water. Then, put the rice in the pan and add the water and the salt. Next, you heat the pan without the lid on until the water boils. When it has boiled, turn down the heat, put the lid on and cook it for about fifteen minutes.

2. How to Make Tomato Soup

To make a bowl of tomato soup, you must prepare all ingredients below:

• 4 large tomatoes
• spices
• 1 small onion
• ½ teaspoon of salt
• 8 cups of water
• ¼ teaspoon of pepper
• small clove garlic
•  ¼ teaspoon of butter

Here are the steps to make a bowl of tomato soup:

1. Cut tomatoes, onions, and garlic into small pieces.
2. Fry them in a pan with butter for five minutes.
3. Add water, spices, salt and pepper.
4. Heat until the water boils.
5. Turn down the heat and cover with lid. Cook gently for one hour.

3. Egg and Lemon Soup

To make egg and lemon soup, you need all ingredients below:

• 3 pints chicken stock
• juice of 2 lemon
• 3 oz rice
• salt and pepper
• 4 eggs, well beaten

And here are the steps to make egg and lemon soup.

1. Put stock into a pan and heat until boiling.
2. Add rice and cook on low heat for fifteen minutes.
3. Mix together egg and lemon juice.
4. Add three tablespoons of stock to the mixture and stir.
5. Stir this mixture into the remaining stock in pan.
6. Add a little of salt and pepper.
7. Cook gently for three minutes.

4. How to operate a fan

To operate a fan you must follow these instructions.

1. Plug the power cord into a wall outlet. (AC 120 Volts 60 HZ)
2. To make the fan move sideways, push the pin on top of the motor.
3. To move the fan up or down, first pull up the oscilla ting pin, then press the tilt adjustment knob.
4. To change the speed of the fan, press one of the switches at the bottom.

5. Bregedel Tempe (Tempe Fritters)

The ingredients to make bregedel tempe are:

• 150 g tempe
• 2 tablespoons fried shallots
• 3 kaffir lime leaves
• 1 tablespoon flour
• 1 egg
• 1 cup vegetable oil for frying

And to make the spice paste, you need:

• 3 large chilies, seeds removed
• 3 small chilies
• 2 red shallots
• 2 cloves garlic
• 1/2 teaspoon chopped galangal
• 1 candle nut
• 1/2 teaspoon coriander seeds
• 1/2 teaspoon salt
• 1/4 teaspoon shrimp paste

Here are the instructions to make Bregedel Tempe.

1. Mash the tempe with a fork or place in the bowl of a food processor and blend until it resembles coarse bread crumbs.
2. Grind the spices in a mortar and pestle or place in the bowl of a food processor and blend to a smooth paste.
3. Put the mashed tempe in a bowl and mix with the spice paste, fried shallots and lime leaves. Stir in the flour, followed by the egg.
4. Shape the tempe into fritters the size of a golf ball and flatten a little with a fork.
5. Heat the vegetable oil in a wok over a medium flame. When the oil is hot, drop the fritters into the oil, five or six at a time.
6. Fry until golden brown on both sides, drain on absorbent paper and serve hot with rice.